Prior to the invention of gene therapy research, the removal, storage and reinsertion of human cell tissue was limited to blood. The logistical and technical challenges were minimal. However, scientists quickly discovered that maintaining the integrity and transparency of autologous and allogeneic cells throughout extraction, storage, transportation, delivery and administration presented a myriad of logistical challenges exceeding the capabilities of the current machines and materials available. If gene therapy was to succeed, a new generation of machines, processes and storage materials were needed.